Jonathan Edwards, a New England theologian and theorist, in response to the extremist current of Enlightenment rationalism and the isolation of revelatory teachings in the process of describing moral beauty, believes that man, due to the disease of descent, needs a kind of resurrection and return to natural situation According to him, the creation of man is done by God and under two general principles of human nature (essence) and his inclinations (tendencies),but returning to the natural state is possible only with the grace of God. Man, influenced by divine grace, undergoes changes in his conscious desires and will that become the source of his choice. The most important conscious choice of man in this field is to get out of self-centered love and make a collective good choice. Although this choice is influenced by the understanding of the mental and conceptual part of man, but the influence of human emotions and tendencies on the will eliminates the passivity and indifference of mental activities in morality. If this sublime current continues, all human conditions will take on the color and smell of love for God, which is the moral beauty.

Jonathan Edwards, a New England theologian and theorist, in response to the extremist current of Enlightenment rationalism and the isolation of revelatory teachings in the process of describing moral beauty, believes that man, due to the disease of descent, needs a kind of resurrection and return to natural situation According to him, the creation of man is done by God and under two general principles of human nature (essence) and his inclinations (tendencies),but returning to the natural state is possible only with the grace of God. Man, influenced by divine grace, undergoes changes in his conscious desires and will that become the source of his choice. The most important conscious choice of man in this field is to get out of self-centered love and make a collective good choice. Although this choice is influenced by the understanding of the mental and conceptual part of man, but the influence of human emotions and tendencies on the will eliminates the passivity and indifference of mental activities in morality. If this sublime current continues, all human conditions will take on the color and smell of love for God, which is the moral beauty

Jonathan Dancy advocates a radical particularist theory of ethics. Arguing against a variety of generalist doctrines, he maintains that there are no moral principles and that our ethical decisions are highly context-dependent: they are made case by case, without the support of such principles. In this paper, drawing on a number of theoretical concepts used in science as well as the philosophy of science I shall try to develop a moderate generalist-pluralist model. This model, I shall argue, is less vulnerable to Dancy's criticisms and better equipped, in comparison to Dancy's own model, to deal with moral cases.

The present article attempts to elucidate that Tom Crick, the narrator of Graham Swift’ s Waterland, employs the techniques of postmodern historiography in his narrative. Postmodern historiography discredits the Grand Narrative of History and replaces it with histories. Hutcheon defines historiographic metafiction as a type of narrative which self-reflexively problematizes the correspondence between the real historical world and the referent. With a historical self-consciousness, Waterland paradoxically juxtaposes the necessity of stories and the awareness of their constructed nature. In this novel, the boundary between history and fiction is blurred. While it explicitly deals with the notion of history by offering several historical accounts, it paradoxically questions the authenticity of the accounts that are put forward. By not making distinction between history and fiction, the novel considers the existence of story necessary for the acquisition of an understanding of the world. The paradox lies in the fact that the novel admits that such understanding of the world is inevitably provisional.

According to Hans Robert Jauss, reception history plays an important role in determining the aesthetic value of literary texts. In his famous essay "Literary History as a challenge to Literary Theory", Jauss provides seven theses through which he clarifies how history plays an important role in reception theory and proposes objective methods through which the aesthetic value of texts can be determined. This paper seeks to apply these theses to Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels by considering how the work was received as part of eighteenth century history and literature and how the horizons of expectations changed among later nineteenth and twentieth century readers. In general terms, what constitutes criticism and readings of Swift's contemporary readers is a result of their focus on the role of the author and the equality of narrator with author. However, more interest in the text itself as a work of art develops in later periods.

Asymmetric war gains its meaning when a strong enemy attacks a weak country and with regard to the present threats, the system should develop abilities of Asymmetric war. Increased abilities in Asymmetric war can empower a country to the extent that can warrant long term security of the nation. Swift transportation in addition to the increase of care and speed will decrease the costs. The main hypothesis of the present study is that the model of strategic transportation in Asymmetric conditions is a composition of fast reaction, flexibility, customary, technology. In this writing, recognition of dimensions, elements and criteria of Swift transportation in Asymmetric war by applying strong points of different views and models in this regard have been extracted and the ideas of elites especially managers of transportation during the holy defense have been considered. Also, in this research explanation of the relation between basic variables of research and effective criteria on each variable has been investigated through the method of analysis of structural equations.

Logical Positivism and Analytic Philosophy have opposed metaphysics for decades, but now some contemporary analytic philosophers have turned their attention to metaphysics, regarding it not only possible but indispensable. So now a rich tradition of analytic philosophy exists. Edward Jonathan Lowe, in an extensive academic project and a book reminiscent in its confrontation with metaphysics of Kant’s critical philosophy, has tried to show the possibility of metaphysics and to present his own non-Kantian and realist metaphysics. He argues that, in a clear distinction between metaphysics and empirical sciences, the task of metaphysics is not to say what there is, but to state what can exist. According to him, the subject matter of metaphysics is “possibilities”, while empirical sciences have “actualities” as their subject matter. He defends metaphysics as an intellectual activity, with a central role for philosophizing and a priority for metaphysics against empirical sciences, so that metaphysics and the metaphysical possibility of specific subject matters of sciences are always prior to all scientific theorizing. The findings of metaphysics are the foundations of the empirical sciences, expressive of the possibilities of existence, and help to specify the categories of existence and the relations between these categories. In his project, Lowe has tried to deduce the “possibility of metaphysics” from “metaphysical possibility”, to present his own metaphysical system as an indispensable autonomous discipline, and, accordingly, to solve some problems of philosophy.

Many sociologists since late 20th century have embarked on a pathological study of their discipline and raised serious criticisms against the existing sociology. Among them, Jonathan Turner went beyond a pathological analysis and offered a curative plan for the improvement of sociology. In Turner’s viewpoint, the fundamental problem of sociology has its roots in the gap between theory and research and action, which has hindered sociology from becoming a cumulative science. If sociology fails to become a cumulative science, it cannot leave any real impact on the social world. Social engineering, whose existential essence is “social action” or practice inspired by sociological theory, is the most appropriate approach for creating a difference in the real world and the social world. Engineering approach in sociology depends on the development of clearer and more precise theories, verification of such theories and inclination of actors to apply these theories when they are dealing with the problems of their clients or employers. Thus, social engineering can make the mutual relationship between the theory and research inevitable and connect them to each other and to action. According to Turner, the most encouraging way to reintegrate the theory and research in sociology is action; while the best way for using sociological action is adoption of social engineering approach by sociologists.

The imposition of financial messaging sanctions against select states in recent years has proven to be a markedly effective measure within the realm of international affairs. In this context, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift) has been particularly targeted by sanctioning entities- such as political blocs and sovereign governments- as a potent instrument to exert coercive pressure on recalcitrant states. This development has, in turn, prompted certain affected states to seek out alternative financial networks and technological solutions to circumvent the Swift system. Concurrently, the advent of recent advancements in financial and blockchain-based technologies has given rise to the notion of establishing faster, more cost-effective, and more transparent monetary transaction mechanisms as potential replacements for the existing Swift infrastructure. This confluence of developments has raised a series of issues in public international law that warrant rigorous examination. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, this article seeks to elucidate the multifaceted legal challenges surrounding the sanctioning of the Swift system in the realm of international law. While introducing the significance of Swift and exploring the relevant domestic laws in Iran, it critically examines the legitimacy, or lack thereof, of the international sanctions imposed on the Swift network. Furthermore, it evaluates the responses of various states to the Swift-related sanctions and some of the alternative solutions proposed by governments. Findings suggest that the imposition of sanctions on the Swift network has had profound implications on the global financial landscape. One key consequence has been the acceleration of efforts by sanctioned states to develop and implement alternative financial messaging systems, such as Russia's SPFS (System for Transfer of Financial Messages) and China's CIPS (Cross-Border Interbank Payment System).